Estudios epidemiológicos sobre COVID-19 y salud mental en México: Mejor metodología para mejores resultados, una revisión de la literatura
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Resumen
Antecedentes. Se necesita información actualizada de los estudios realizados en México sobre las consecuencias del COVID-19 en la salud mental.
Objetivo. En comparación con estudios previos, en esta revisión de la literatura se incrementó el periodo de búsqueda a febrero de 2023 y se usó una lista más larga de eventos de salud mental.
Método. Se buscó en las bases de datos internacionales convencionales y en las bases locales como SciELO y la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), enfocándonos en los problemas metodológicos de los estudios, las estimaciones de prevalencia y sus factores de riesgo potenciales.
Resultados. Reportamos 95 estudios que incluyeron datos mexicanos sobre síntomas de consumo de alcohol, ansiedad, depresión, problemas con videojuegos, sueño, y conductas y pensamientos suicidas. En la mayoría de los casos, encontramos encuestas transversales con autorreporte de los síntomas de salud mental evaluados con, pero a veces sin, escalas e instrumentos de tamizaje validados. Estos estudios fueron implementados en páginas web y, en ocasiones, vía telefónica, con voluntarios autoseleccionados. Encontramos un pequeño subgrupo de 14 estudios longitudinales (consumo de alcohol, ansiedad, depresión, y conductas y pensamientos suicidas) que sugieren una interpretación más moderada de los efectos de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la salud mental de la población mexicana.
Discusión y conclusión. Los rápidos estudios iniciales realizados durante las primeras fases de la pandemia, aunque sirvieron como señal de alerta, no siguieron necesariamente los principios epidemiológicos estándar. Será necesario mejorar metodológicamente los estudios futuros sobre las consecuencias en la salud mental por desastres naturales, humanos y contingencias epidemiológicas.
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