Intervención breve basada en internet para reducir consumo de alcohol en universitarios. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado exploratorio
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Resumen
Introducción. El consumo de alcohol de riesgo entre estudiantes universitarios es un problema de salud pública. Las intervenciones basadas en internet, con respaldo teórico, han demostrado ser eficaces para abordar este problema.
Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia de una intervención breve basada en internet, registrada en clinicaltrials.gov como NCT05533554, diseñada según la Teoría del Comportamiento Planificado (TCP), con base en la hipótesis de que la intención de consumo de alcohol y la conducta de consumo serán menores en el grupo experimental en comparación con el grupo control.
Método. Se empleó un diseño experimental, incluyendo un grupo experimental (n = 38) y un grupo control en lista de espera (n = 38), con evaluaciones previas y posteriores a la intervención realizadas con un mes de diferencia. El grupo control estaba compuesto por 36 participantes al momento de recibir la intervención.
Resultados. La intervención redujo el número de bebidas por ocasión en el grupo experimental. El consumo mensual, el número de bebidas por ocasión y los días de consumo disminuyeron en el subgrupo de riesgo. La norma descriptiva en el grupo experimental disminuyó, lo que sugiere que abordar las normas sociales podría estar relacionado con cambios de comportamiento. La intervención en el grupo control aumentó la autoeficacia para afrontar posibles situaciones de abuso de alcohol.
Discusión y conclusión. La intervención breve por internet fue eficaz para reducir el consumo de alcohol en el grupo experimental, especialmente en el subgrupo de riesgo. La autoeficacia del grupo control para afrontar el abuso de alcohol también aumentó tras la intervención. Se recomiendan estudios experimentales adicionales para confirmar su efectividad.
Referencias
Adamson, S. J., Sellman, J. D., & Frampton, C. M. (2009). Patient predictors of alcohol treatment outcome: A systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.05.007
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t
Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self‐Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
Ajzen, I. (2011). Design and evaluation guided by the theory of planned behavior in M.M., Mark, S.I., Donaldson, & B., Campbell (Ed.), Social Psychology and Evaluation (pp. 74–100). Guilford Publications.
Ajzen, I. (2019). Constructing a TPB questionnaire: conceptual and methodological considerations. Universidad de Massachusetts Amherst. http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/
Akl, E. A., Briel, M., You, J. J., Sun, X., Johnston, B. C., Busse, J. W., Mulla, S., Lamontagne, F., Bassler, D., Vera, C., Alshurafa, M., Katsios, C. M., Zhou, Q., Cukierman-Yaffe, T., Gangji, A., Mills, E. J., Walter, S. D., Cook, D. J., Schunemann, H. J., Altman, D. G., & Guyatt, G. H. (2012). Potential impact on estimated treatment effects of information lost to follow-up in randomised controlled trials (LOST-IT): systematic review. BMJ, 344(may18 1), e2809–e2809. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2809
Almaraz, C. D. A., & Alonso, C. M. M. (2018). Consejo Breve y Atención Plena para dejar de fumar: un estudio de caso. Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas, 18(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v18i2.376
Almeida-Antunes, N., Crego, A., Carbia, C., Sousa, S. S., Rodrigues, R., Sampaio, A., & López-Caneda, E. (2021). Electroencephalographic signatures of the binge drinking pattern during adolescence and young adulthood: A PRISMA-driven systematic review. NeuroImage: Clinical,29, 102537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102537
Alonso Castillo, M. M., Esparza Almanza, S. E., López García, K. S., Rodríguez Aguilar, L., Guzmán Facundo, F. R., & Alonso Castillo, M. T. D. J. (2013). Prevención de consumo de drogas y fortalecimiento de conductas saludables en jóvenes de preparatoria. Ciencia UANL, 16(62), 56-67. http://eprints.uanl.mx/3212/1/8ArticulodelasDrogas.pdf
Barrera, Y. B., Briones, N. G. P., Ortiz, P. M. T., Reyes, B. J. L., Sánchez, E. R., & Argüello, E. J. (2024). Predictive Factors for Suicidal Behaviors among University Students in the North-Central Region of Mexico. Salud Mental, 47(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2024.011
Bedendo, A., Andrade, A. L. M., Opaleye, E. S., & Noto, A. R. (2017). Binge drinking: a pattern associated with a risk of problems of alcohol use among university students. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1891.2925
Bhochhibhoya, A., Hayes, L., Branscum, P., & Taylor, L. (2015). The Use of the Internet for Prevention of Binge Drinking Among the College Population: A Systematic Review of Evidence. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 50(5), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agv047
Bravo-Alcocer, O., Martínez-Martínez, K. I., Oropeza-Tena, R., & Colunga-Rodríguez, C. (2024). Tratamiento cognitivo-conductual grupal en línea para jóvenes con abuso de drogas. Psicología y Salud, 34(2), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.25009/pys.v34i2.2904
Burkhart, G. (2009). Creencias normativas en estrategias preventivas: una espada de doble filo. Efectos de la percepción de normas y normalidad en campañas informativas, programas escolares y medidas ambientales. Revista Española de Drogodependencias, 34(4), 376-400. http://hdl.handle.net/10550/22436
Caballo, V. E. (2007). Manual de evaluación y entrenamiento de habilidades sociales (7th ed.). Siglo XXI.
Cárdenas, M., & Arancibia, H. (2016). Statistical power and effect size calculating in G* Power: Complementary analysis of statistical significance testing and its application in psychology. Salud & Sociedad, 5(2), 210–244. https://doi.org/10.22199/S07187475.2014.0002.00006
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (2009). Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine: Levels of Evidence (March 2009). https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/oxford-centre-for-evidence-based-medicine-levels-of-evidence-march-2009
Champion, K. E., Newton, N. C., Barrett, E. L., & Teesson, M. (2012). A systematic review of school‐based alcohol and other drug prevention programs facilitated by computers or the Internet. Drug and Alcohol Review, 32(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00517.x
Chang, T. Z. D., & Vowles, N. (2013). Strategies for improving data reliability for online surveys: A case study. International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, 4(1), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.7903/ijecs.1121
Charlet, K., & Heinz, A. (2017). Harm reduction-a systematic review on effects of alcohol reduction on physical and mental symptoms. Addiction Biology,22(5), 1119–1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12414
Chomsri, P., Likhitsathian, S., Aramrattana, A., & Siviroj, P. (2018). Self-efficacy, sensation seeking, right attitude, and readiness to change among alcohol drinkers in a Thai vocational school. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 8, 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.08.006
Choo, E. K., Ranney, M. L., Aggarwal, N., & Boudreaux, E. D. (2012). A Systematic Review of Emergency Department Technology‐based Behavioral Health Interventions. Academic Emergency Medicine, 19(3), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01299.x
Cooke, R., Dahdah, M., Norman, P., & French, D. P. (2016). How well does the theory of planned behaviour predict alcohol consumption? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 10(2), 148–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.947547
Cronce, J. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2011). Individual-focused approaches to the prevention of college student drinking. Alcohol research & health: the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 34(2), 210–221. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/mid/NIHMS353685/
Dagnino, J. (2014). Comparaciones múltiples. Revista Chilena de Anestesia, 43(1), 311–312. https://revistachilenadeanestesia.cl/PII/revchilanestv43n04.08.pdf
Davoren, M. P., Demant, J., Shiely, F., & Perry, I. J. (2016). Alcohol consumption among university students in Ireland and the United Kingdom from 2002 to 2014: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2843-1
Del Boca, F. K., & Darkes, J. (2003). The validity of self‐reports of alcohol consumption: state of the science and challenges for research. Addiction, 98(s2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1359-6357.2003.00586.x
Del Valle, M., & Zamora, E. (2021). El uso de las medidas de autoinforme: ventajas y limitaciones en la investigación en Psicología. Alternativas en Psicología, 47(8), 22–35. https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/173600
Diaz Negrete, D. B., Arellanez Hernández, J. L., Rodríguez Kuri, S. E., & Fernández Cáceres, C. (2015). Comparación de Tres Modelos de Riesgo de Uso Nocivo de Alcohol en Estudiantes Mexicanos. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 5(2), 2047–2061. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2007-4719(15)30022-3
DiBello, A. M., Miller, M. B., & Carey, K. B. (2019). Self-Efficacy to Limit Drinking Mediates the Association between Attitudes and Alcohol-Related Outcomes. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(14), 2400–2408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1653322
Diestelkamp, S., Schulz, A., & Thomasius, R. (2021). Technologiebasierte Interventionen zur Alkoholprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 64(6), 714–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-021-03338-5
Echeverría, L., & Ayala, H. E. (1997). Auto registro del consumo de alcohol y otras drogas: traducción y adaptación. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Fewtrell, M. S., Kennedy, K., Singhal, A., Martin, R. M., Ness, A., Hadders-Algra, M., Koletzko, B., & Lucas, A. (2008). How much loss to follow-up is acceptable in long-term randomised trials and prospective studies? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93(6), 458–461. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2007.127316
Foster, D. W., Neighbors, C., & Young, C. M. (2014). Drink refusal self-efficacy and implicit drinking identity: An evaluation of moderators of the relationship between self-awareness and drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 39(1), 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.024
García, C. M. A., Novalbos, R. J. P., Martínez, D. J. M., & O’Ferral, G. C. (2016). Validación del test para la identificación de trastornos por uso de alcohol en población universitaria: AUDIT y AUDIT-C. Adicciones, 28(4), 194–204. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.775
German-Ponciano, L. J., Zapata-de la Rosa, M. F., Molina-Cadena, B. I., Velasco-Gómez, Y. S., & Puig-Lagunes, Á. A. (2023). Effectiveness evaluation of online Mindfulness in mental health and alcohol consumption in medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Salud Mental, 46(2), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2023.007
Gierski, F., Stefaniak, N., Benzerouk, F., Gobin, P., Schmid, F., Henry, A., Kaladjian, A., & Naassila, M. (2020). Component process analysis of verbal memory in a sample of students with a binge drinking pattern. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 12, 100323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100323
Glanz, K., & Bishop, D. B. (2010). The Role of Behavioral Science Theory in Development and Implementation of Public Health Interventions. Annual Review of Public Health, 31(1), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604
Gmel, G., & Daeppen, J. (2007). Recall Bias for Seven-Day Recall Measurement of Alcohol Consumption Among Emergency Department Patients: Implications for Case-Crossover Designs. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(2), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2007.68.303
Gogeascoechea-Trejo, M. D. C., L. Blázquez-Morales, M. S., Pavón-León, P., & Ortiz León, M. C. (2021). Consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios como predictor para el consumo de otras drogas. Health & Addictions/Salud y Drogas, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v21i1.569
Gravel, J., Opatrny, L., & Shapiro, S. (2007). The intention-to-treat approach in randomized controlled trials: Are authors saying what they do and doing what they say? Clinical Trials, 4(4), 350–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1740774507081223
Hernández, S. R., Fernández, C. C., & Baptista, L. P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6th ed.). McGraw Hill Interamericana Editores.
Hingson, R., Zha, W., & Smyth, D. (2017). Magnitude and Trends in Heavy Episodic Drinking, Alcohol-Impaired Driving, and Alcohol-Related Mortality and Overdose Hospitalizations Among Emerging Adults of College Ages 18–24 in the United States, 1998–2014. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 78(4), 540–548. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2017.78.540
Kaner, E. F., Beyer, F. R., Garnett, C., Crane, D., Brown, J., Muirhead, C., Redmore, J., O'Donnell, A., Newham, J. J., de Vocht, F., Hickman, M., Brown, H., Maniatopoulos, G., & Michie, S. (2017). Personalized digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in community‐dwelling populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd011479.pub2
Khan, N. A., Torralba, K. D., & Aslam, F. (2021). Missing data in randomised controlled trials of rheumatoid arthritis drug therapy are substantial and handled inappropriately. RMD Open, 7(2), e001708. https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001708
Krieger, H., Young, C. M., Anthenien, A. M., & Neighbors, C. (2018). The Epidemiology of Binge Drinking Among College-Age Individuals in the United States. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 39(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v39.1.05
Langenbucher, J., & Merrill, J. (2001). The Validity of Self-Reported Cost Events by Substance Abusers: Limits, Liabilities, and Future Directions. Evaluation Review, 25(2), 184–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841x0102500204
Lee, J., & Shin, Y. (2022). Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Korean College Students’ Help-Seeking Intention. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 49(1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-020-09735-z
Marín-Navarrete, R., Fernández-Mondragón, J., Eliosa-Hernández, A., Templos, N. L., Graue-Moreno, J., Galván-Sosa, D., Fernández-De la Fuente, C., Gómez, V.G., & Berlanga, C. (2013). Consideraciones metodológicas y éticas para la conducción de ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados (ECCA) sobre brotes para las adicciones. Salud Mental, 36(3), 253–265.
Medina-Mora, E., Carreño, S., & De la Fuente, J. R. (1998). Experience with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in México. In Recent Developments in Alcoholism. Recent Developments in Alcoholism (vol. 14, pp. 383-396). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47148-5_19
Michie, S., Johnston, M., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., & Eccles, M. (2008). From Theory to Intervention: Mapping Theoretically Derived Behavioural Determinants to Behaviour Change Techniques. Applied Psychology, 57(4), 660–680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00341.x
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2012). CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. International Journal of Surgery, 10(1), 28–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2011.10.001
Montedori, A., Bonacini, M. I., Casazza, G., Luchetta, M. L., Duca, P., Cozzolino, F., & Abraha, I. (2011). Modified versus standard intention-to-treat reporting: Are there differences in methodological quality, sponsorship, and findings in randomized trials? A cross-sectional study. Trials, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-12-58
Moral, J. M. de la V., Bringas, M. C., Ovejero, B. A., Morales, Q. L. A., & Rodríguez, D. F. J. (2017). Emergencia sociosanitaria en consumo de riesgo de alcohol y síntomas de dependencia en jóvenes. Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas, 17(2), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v17i2.307
Murgraff, V., Abraham, C., & McDermott, M. (2007). Reducing Friday alcohol consumption among moderate women drinkers: Evaluation of a brief evidence-based intervention. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 42(1), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agl083
National Association of Universities and Higher Education Institutions. (2025). Anuarios Estadísticos de Educación Superior. https://www.anuies.mx/informacion-y-servicios/informacion-estadistica-de-educacion-superior/anuario-estadistico-de-educacion-superior
Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Atkins, D. C., Lewis, M. A., Kaysen, D., Mittmann, A., Fossos, N., Geisner, I. M., Zheng, C., & Larimer, M. E. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of event-specific prevention strategies for reducing problematic drinking associated with 21st birthday celebrations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(5), 850–862. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029480
Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Lewis, M. A., Fossos, N., & Walter, T. (2009). Internet-based personalized feedback to reduce 21st-birthday drinking: A randomized controlled trial of an event-specific prevention intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014386
Norman, P., Cameron, D., Epton, T., Webb, T. L., Harris, P. R., Millings, A., & Sheeran, P. (2018). A randomized controlled trial of a brief online intervention to reduce alcohol consumption in new university students: Combining self‐affirmation, theory of planned behaviour messages, and implementation intentions. British Journal of Health Psychology, 23(1), 108–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12277
Pan American Health Organization. (2005). Good Clinical Practices Document of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization. https://www.ms.gba.gov.ar/ssps/investigacion/DocTecnicos/BuenasPracticas-DocAmericas.pdf
Ramírez, P. L., Cruz, Z. G., Núñez-Hernández, A., Lerena, M. S. M., & Plascencia, C. J. (2021). Consumo de sustancias adictivas en estudiantes de primer ingreso a un Centro Universitario en Jalisco, México. RESPYN Revista Salud Pública y Nutrición, 20(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.29105/respyn20.2-1
Resko, S. M., Brown, S., Lister, J. J., Ondersma, S. J., Cunningham, R. M., & Walton, M. A. (2017). Technology-Based Interventions and Trainings to Reduce the Escalation and Impact of Alcohol Problems. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 17(1-2), 114–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533256x.2017.1304948
Riper, H., Hoogendoorn, A., Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Boumparis, N., Mira, A., Andersson, G., Berman, A. H., Bertholet, N., Bischof, G., Blankers, M., Boon, B., Boß, L., Brendryen, H., Cunningham, J., Ebert, D., Hansen, A., Hester, R., Khadjesari, Z., Kramer, J., Murray, E., Postel, M., Schulz, D., Sinadinovic, K., Suffoletto, B., Sundström, C., de Vries, H., Wallace, P., Wiers, R. W., & Smit, J. H. (2018). Effectiveness and treatment moderators of internet interventions for adult problem drinking: An individual patient data meta-analysis of 19 randomised controlled trials. PLOS Medicine, 15(12), e1002714. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002714
Rivis, A., Sheeran, P., & Armitage, C. J. (2009). Expanding the Affective and Normative Components of the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Meta‐Analysis of Anticipated Affect and Moral Norms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(12), 2985–3019. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00558.x
Rodríguez-Kuri, S. E., Díaz-Negrete, D. B., Gracia-Gutiérrez de Velasco, S. E., Guerrero-Huesca, J. A., & Gómez-Maqueo, E. L. (2007). Capacidad predictiva de la teoría de la conducta planificada en la intención y uso de drogas ilícitas entre estudiantes mexicanos. Salud Mental, 30(1), 68–81. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0185-33252007000100068&script=sci_arttext
Rodríguez Kuri, S. E., Díaz Negrete, D. B., Gracia Gutiérrez de Velasco, S. E., Guerrero Huesca, J. A., & Gómez-Maqueo, E. L. (2011). Evaluación de un programa de prevención del consumo de drogas para adolescentes. Salud Mental, 34(1), 27–35. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0185-33252011000100004&lng=es&tlng=es
Ronzani, T. M., Fuentes-Mejía, C., Mota, D. C. B., Gomide, H. P., Ferreira, M. L., & Cruvinel, E. (2019). Intervenciones breves para el abuso de sustancias en América Latina: una revisión sistemática. Psicologia Em Estudo, 24. https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v24i0.44393
Sainani, K. L. (2010). Making Sense of Intention‐to‐Treat. PM&R, 2(3), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.01.004
Salazar, M. L., Vacio, M. D. L. A., & González, A. (2024). Ensayo clínico aleatorizado con dos intervenciones breves para disminuir el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios. Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas, 24(1), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v24i1.783
Salazar-Garza, M. L., Castro, J. L. P., Hernández, O. P. A., & Muro, M. D. L. Á. V. (2012). Consejo breve a universitarios que consumen alcohol en exceso: resultados iniciales. Psicología y Salud, 22(2), 247–256.
Salazar Garza, M. L., Vacio Muro, M. D. L. Á., & Macías Rodríguez, J. J. (2019). Adaptación y validación del Cuestionario Breve de Confianza Situacional en universitarios mexicanos que consumen alcohol. Revista Internacional de Investigación en Adicciones, 5(2), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.28931/riiad.2019.2.04
Samson, J. E., & Tanner-Smith, E. E. (2015). Single-Session Alcohol Interventions for Heavy Drinking College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 76(4), 530–543. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2015.76.530
Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption‐II. Addiction, 88(6), 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomized Trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152(11), 726–732. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232
Secretaría de Salud (2019). Prevención del consumo de alcohol en el trabajo. Gobierno de México. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/566347/Guia_Prevension_de_Consumo_Alcohol_Trabajo_2019.pdf
Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992). Seguimiento de la línea de tiempo. In Medición del consumo de alcohol. Humana Press.
Sobell, M. B., Sobell, L. C., Klajner, F., Pavan, D., & Basian, E. (1986). The reliability of a timeline method for assessing normal drinker college students' recent drinking history: Utility for alcohol research. Addictive Behaviors, 11(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(86)90040-7
Steele, B., Martin, M., Yakubovich, A., Humphreys, D. K., & Nye, E. (2022). Risk and Protective Factors for Men’s Sexual Violence Against Women at Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Review of the Longitudinal Evidence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(3), 716–732. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020970900
Stepanov, N., & Cárdenas-López, G. (2022). Estudio de caso único de efectividad de intervención en línea para bebedores problema. Acta Comportamentalia: Revista Latina de Análisis de Comportamiento, 30(4), 725–750.
Tebb, K. P., Erenrich, R. K., Jasik, C. B., Berna, M. S., Lester, J. C., & Ozer, E. M. (2016). Use of theory in computer-based interventions to reduce alcohol use among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3183-x
Tembo, C., Burns, S., & Kalembo, F. (2017). The association between levels of alcohol consumption and mental health problems and academic performance among young university students. PLOS ONE, 12(6), e0178142. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178142
Voogt, C., Kuntsche, E., Kleinjan, M., Poelen, E., & Engels, R. (2014). Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Test the Effectiveness of a Web-Based Brief Alcohol Intervention Over Time Among Heavy-Drinking Students: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(1), e5. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2817
White, A., Kavanagh, D., Stallman, H., Klein, B., Kay-Lambkin, F., Proudfoot, J., Drennan, J., Connor, J., Baker, A., Hines, E., & Young, R. (2010). Online Alcohol Interventions: A Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(5), e62. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1479
World Medical Association. (2017). WMA Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/
Yi, S., Ngin, C., Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2017). Health and behavioral factors associated with binge drinking among university students in nine ASEAN countries. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-017-0117-2
